Paradigm Tables
Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Tunisian
Unadapted loanword rendering
| Origin | Rendering | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| -cti- | English / French | -cci- | diccioneer |
| -ty, -té | English / French | -tee | umiditee |
| -oi-, -oy- | French | -ua- | vuayeel |
| -on | English / French | -oon | contradiccioon |
| -ant | French | -oon | etudioon |
short V to long V
| V | V̄ | |
|---|---|---|
| ə -> e̞ː | e | ee |
| ɐ -> ɐː | a | aa |
| i -> iː | i | ii |
| u -> uː | o | ou |
Color phenomenon
| e̞-coloring | æ-coloring | ɐ-coloring | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Letters | b, c, d, đ, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, s, ş, t, ŧ, v, w, y, z | ĝ, ħ | đɣ, ğ, ꝁ, q, r, sɣ, tɣ |
Rawwaħ - "to go back home"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nrawwaħ | rawwaħt |
| 2sg | trawwaħ | rawwaħt |
| 3sg ms | yrawwaħ | rawwaħ |
| 3sg fm | trawwaħ | rawwħet |
| 1pl | nrawwħo | rawwaħne |
| 2pl | trawwħo | rawwaħto |
| 3pl | yrawwħo | rawwħo |
Time telling on Analog
| Hour hand | Minute hand | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Masseeĝe | w Draj |
| 2 | Masseeĝtin | w Darjin |
| 3 | Mattleeŧe | w Rboĝ |
| 4 | L'Arbĝe | w Arbĝe (Draaj) |
| 5 | El Ꝁamse | w Ꝁamse (Draaj) |
| 6 | Es Sette | w Noss |
| 7 | Es Sabĝe | w Sabĝe |
| 8 | Eŧ Ŧmanye | ğir Arbĝe (Draaj) |
| 9 | Et Tesĝe | ğir Rboĝ |
| 10 | El Ĝaşra | ĝir Darjin |
| 11 | El Ħdeeş | ĝir Draj |
| 12 | Noss en Nhaar / Noss el Lil | Beđđabt |
SVC combinations (ħabb, mşee) with 'eene'
| Past | Present | Simple Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past | [raani] ħabbit mşit | — | — |
| Present | ħabbit nemşi | nħebb nemşi | beeş nħebb nemşi |
| Simple Future | ħabbit beeş nemşi | — | — |
SVC combinations translation
| Past | Present | Simple Future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Past | I [would have] wanted to have gone | — | — |
| Present | I wanted to go | I want to go | I will want to go |
| Simple Future | I wanted to be going | — | — |
Extra-canonical verb forms and examples
| Meaning | Present Conjugation | Past Conjugation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| st + CVVC | reciprocal | V-3 | V-3 |
| st + infinitive (that is NOT CVVC) | reciprocal | V-3 | st + conjugation |
| t + infinitive | passive | — | t + conjugation |
| C₁aC₂C₂eC₃ | causative | V-2 | V-2 |
Stfeed — "to benifit (only used as the patient)"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nestfeed | stfedt |
| 2sg | testfeed | stfedt |
| 3sg ms | yestfeed | stfeed |
| 3sg fm | testfeed | stfeedet |
| 1pl | nestfeedo | stfedne |
| 2pl | testfeedo | stfedto |
| 3pl | yestfeedo | stfeedo |
Mteez — "to excell"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nemteez | mtezt |
| 2sg | temteez | mtezt |
| 3sg ms | yemteez | mteez |
| 3sg fm | temteez | mteezet |
| 1pl | nemteezo | mtezne |
| 2pl | temteezo | mtezto |
| 3pl | yemteezo | mteezo |
Staad — "to hunt/fish"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nastaad | stadt |
| 2sg | tastaad | staft |
| 3sg ms | yastaad | staad |
| 3sg fm | tastaad | staadet |
| 1pl | nastaado | stadne |
| 2pl | tastaado | stadto |
| 3pl | yastaado | staado |
V-3 Verbs
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + V + #VVC | #VC + t |
| 3sg | t + V + #VVC | #VC + t |
| 3sg ms | y + V + #VVC | #VVC |
| 3sg fm | t + V + #VVC | #VVC + et |
| 1pl | n + V + #VVC + o | #VC + ne |
| 2pl | t + V + #VVC +o | #VC + to |
| 3pl | y + V + #VVC + o | #VVC + o |
Staĝmer — "to colonize"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nestaĝmer | staĝmert |
| 2sg | testaĝmer | staĝmert |
| 3sg ms | yestaĝmer | staĝmer |
| 3sg fm | testaĝmer | staĝmret |
| 1pl | nestaĝmro | staĝmerne |
| 2pl | testaĝmro | staĝmerto |
| 3pl | yestaĝmro | staĝmro |
Habbel — "to stun"
Technically only used with plural persons but yeah
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nhabbel | habbelt |
| 2sg | thabbel | habbelt |
| 3sg ms | yhabbel | habbel |
| 3sg fm | thabbel | hebblet |
| 1pl | nhabblo | habbelne |
| 2pl | thabblo | hebbelto |
| 3pl | yhabblo | habblo |
V-2 Verbs
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + {e*} + #VC | #VC + t |
| 2sg | t + {e*} + #VC | #VC + t |
| 3sg ms | y + {e*} + #VC | #VC |
| 3sg fm | t + {e*} + #VC | #C + et |
| 1pl | n + {e*} + #C + o | #VC + ne |
| 2pl | t + {e*} + #C + o | #VC + to |
| 3pl | y + {e*} + #C + o | #C + o |
Tleeqa — "to meet (with someone)"
Technically only used with plural persons but yeah
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | netleeqi | tleeqit |
| 2sg | tetleeqi | tleeqlit |
| 3sg ms | yetleeqi | tleeqa |
| 3sg fm | tetleeqi | tleeqaat |
| 1pl | netleeqio | tleeqine |
| 2pl | tetleeqio | tleeqito |
| 3pl | yetleeqio | tleeqaao |
Scroole — "to scroll"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nescrooli | scroolit |
| 2sg | tescrooli | scroolit |
| 3sg ms | yescrooli | scroole |
| 3sg fm | tescrooli | scrooleet |
| 1pl | nescroolio | scrooline |
| 2pl | tescroolio | scroolito |
| 3pl | yescroolio | scroolieeo |
Varfe — "to verify"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nvarfi | varfit |
| 2sg | tvarfi | varfit |
| 3sg ms | yvarfi | varfe |
| 3sg fm | tvarfi | varfeet |
| 1pl | nvarfio | varfine |
| 2pl | tvarfio | varfito |
| 3pl | yvarfio | varfeeo |
Nsee — "to forget"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nense | nsit |
| 2sg | tense | nsit |
| 3sg ms | yense | nsee |
| 3sg fm | tense | nseet |
| 1pl | nenseeo | nsine |
| 2pl | tenseeo | nsito |
| 3pl | yenseeo | nseeo |
V-1 Verbs
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + {e*} + # + i | # + it |
| 2sg | t + {e*} + # + i | # + it |
| 3sg ms | y + {e*} + # + i | #e |
| 3sg fm | t + {e*} + # + i | # + VVt |
| 1pl | n + {e*} + # + io | # + ine |
| 2pl | t + {e*} + # + io | # + ito |
| 3pl | y + {e*} + # + io | # + VVo |
Ꝁaaf — "to be afraid/fear"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nꝁaaf | ꝁoft |
| 2sg | tꝁaaf | ꝁoft |
| 3sg ms | yꝁaaf | ꝁaaft |
| 3sg fm | tꝁaaf | ꝁaafet |
| 1pl | nꝁaafo | ꝁofne |
| 2pl | tꝁaafo | ꝁofto |
| 3pl | yꝁaafo | ꝁaafo |
Đaaĝ — "to get lost"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nđiĝ | đoĝt |
| 2sg | tđiĝ | đoĝt |
| 3sg ms | yđiĝ | đaaĝ |
| 3sg fm | tđiĝ | đaaĝet |
| 1pl | nđiĝo | đoĝne |
| 2pl | tđiĝo | đoĝto |
| 3pl | yđiĝo | đaaĝo |
Meet — "to die"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nmout | mott |
| 2sg | tmout | mott |
| 3sg ms | ymout | meet |
| 3sg fm | tmout | meetet |
| 1pl | nmouto | motne |
| 2pl | tmouto | motto |
| 3pl | ymouto | meeto |
Some Ablauts in CVVC
| Present Ablaut | Past Ablaut | |
|---|---|---|
| Qaal — "to say" | ou | o |
| Qaas — "to measure" | i | e |
| Seem — "to guess price" | ou | o |
| Meel — "to tilt" | i | e |
| Đaaĝ — "to get lost" | i | o |
| Ꝁaaf — "to be afraid/fesr" | aa | o |
CVVC
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + C{present ablaut}C | C{past ablaut}C + t |
| 2sg | t + C{present ablaut}C | C{past ablaut}C + t |
| 3sg ms | y + C{present ablaut}C | CVVC |
| 3sg fm | t + C{present ablaut}C | CVVC + et |
| 1pl | n + C{present ablaut}C + o | C{past ablaut}C + ne |
| 2pl | t + C{present ablaut}C + o | C{past ablaut}C + to |
| 3pl | y + C{present ablaut}C + o | CVVC + o |
Sadd — "to clog/block"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nsedd | saddit |
| 2sg | tsedd | saddit |
| 3sg ms | ysedd | sadd |
| 3sg fm | tsedd | saddet |
| 1pl | nseddo | saddine |
| 2pl | tseddo | saddito |
| 3pl | yseddo | saddo |
Ħatt — "to put"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nħott | ħattit |
| 2sg | tħott | ħattit |
| 3sg ms | yħott | ħatt |
| 3sg fm | tħott | ħattet |
| 1pl | nħotto | ħattine |
| 2pl | tħotto | ħattito |
| 3pl | yħotto | ħatto |
Some Ablaut in CVCC
| Ablaut | |
|---|---|
| Ħatt — "to put" | o |
| Fađđ — "to establish a matter" | o |
| Kaħħ — "to cough" | o |
| Sabb — "to download/pour" | o |
| Garr — "to admit" | e |
| Fadd — "to be bored" | e |
| Sadd — "to clog/block" | e |
| Madd — "to hand" | e |
CVCC Verbs
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC + it |
| 2sg | t + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC + it |
| 3sg ms | y + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC |
| 3sg fm | t + C{ablaut}CC | CVCC + et |
| 1pl | n + C{ablaut}CC + o | CVCC + ine |
| 2pl | t + C{ablaut}CC + o | CVCC + ito |
| 3pl | y + C{ablaut}CC + o | CVCC + o |
Wreŧ — "to inherit"
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | noureŧ | wreŧt | — |
| 2sg | toureŧ | wreŧt | oureŧ |
| 3sg ms | youreŧ | wreŧ | — |
| 3sg fm | toureŧ | werŧet | — |
| 1pl | nourŧo | wreŧne | — |
| 2pl | tourŧo | wreŧto | ourŧo |
| 3pl | yourŧo | werŧo | — |
Some Ablauts in CCVC
| Ablaut | |
|---|---|
| CCoC | o |
| CCeC | e |
| Ĝmal — "to do" | a |
| Dꝁal — "to enter" | o |
| Ꝁtaf — "to kidnap/to do something quick/to improbably finally work" | o |
| Ħfađ — "to memorize" | a |
Wsol — "to arrive"
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nousel | wsolt | — |
| 2sg | tousel | wsolt | ousel |
| 3sg ms | yousel | wsol | — |
| 3sg fm | tousel | woslet | — |
| 1pl | nouslo | wsolne | — |
| 2pl | nouslo | wsolto | ouslo |
| 3pl | nouslo | wsolto | — |
Dꝁal — "to enter"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nodꝁel | dꝁalt |
| 2sg | todꝁel | dꝁalt |
| 3sg ms | yodꝁel | dꝁal |
| 3sg fm | todꝁel | daꝁlet |
| 1pl | nodꝁlo | dꝁalne |
| 2pl | todꝁlo | dꝁalto |
| 3pl | yodꝁlo | daꝁlo |
Some Ablauts in CCVV
| Ablaut | |
|---|---|
| Mşee — "to go" | i |
| Ĝtaa — "to give" | i |
| Nsee — "to forget" | e |
| Qraa — "to study" | a |
| Flee — "to scrutinize" | i |
Raa — "to see"
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eene (1sg) | nraa | rit | — |
| Enti (2sg) | traa | rit | raa (but commonly: şouf) |
| Húe (3sg ms) | yraa | raa | — |
| Híe (3sg fm) | traa | raat | — |
| Aħne (1pl) | nraao | rine | — |
| Entoume (2pl) | traao | rito | raao (but commonly: şoufo) |
| Houme (3pl) | yraao | raao | — |
Jee — "to come"
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eene (1sg) | nji | jit | — |
| Enti (2sg) | tji | jit | ije |
| Húe (3sg ms) | yji | jee | — |
| Híe (3sg fm) | tji | jeet | — |
| Aħne (1pl) | njio | jine | — |
| Entoume (2pl) | tjio | jito | ijeeo |
| Houme (3pl) | yjio | jeeo | — |
Ꝁđee — "to take"
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | neeꝁeđ | ꝁđit | — |
| 2sg | teeꝁeđ | ꝁđit | ꝁouđ (ꝁoo) |
| 3sg ms | yeeꝁeđ | ꝁđee | — |
| 3sg fm | teeꝁeđ | ꝁđeet | — |
| 1pl | neeꝁđo | ꝁđine | — |
| 2pl | teeꝁđo | ꝁđito | ꝁoudo |
| 3pl | yeeꝁđo | ꝁđeeo | — |
Klee — "to eat"
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | neekel | klit | — |
| 2sg | teekel | klit | koul |
| 3sg ms | yeekel | klee | — |
| 3sg fm | teekel | kleet | — |
| 1pl | neeklo | kline | — |
| 2pl | teeklo | klito | koulo |
| 3pl | yeeklo | kleeo | — |
Dative verb suffix
| Independent | Suffixed | |
|---|---|---|
| Eene | líe | -li |
| Enti | lik | -lek |
| Húe | lih | -lo |
| Híe | lihe | -lhe |
| Aħne | line | -lne |
| Entoume | likom | -lkom |
| Houme | lihom | -lhom |
Possible CVVC (verbs) and [nouns]
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | beeb [door] | — | baađ (lay egg) | — | — | beeĝ (sell) | — | — | — | beej [beige] | baac [baccalaureate] | — | beel (urinate) | — | been (become clear) | — | baar [verge] | bees (kiss) | beeş [with what] | beet (stay overnight) | — | — | — | — |
| d | daab [ATM] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | deeꝁ (pass out) | — | deem (last) | — | — | daar (turn around) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| đ | đeeb (thaw, melt) | — | — | — | — | đaaĝ (be lost, go missing) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | đeeq (taste) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| f | — | feed (benifit, provide information) | — | — | — | — | — | — | feeħ (intensify, go crazy) | — | — | — | — | — | — | feeq (wake up) | faar [mouse] | — | — | feet (overrun, break) | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | geed (lead cattle) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | gaaz [gas, natural gas]; geez [gasoline] |
| ĝ | ĝaab (mock smone for an out of reach inconsistency | ĝaad [for God's sake] | — | ĝaaf (be disgusted with smth) | — | — | — | — | — | ĝaaj [ivory] | — | — | — | ĝaam (swim) | ĝaan (help) | — | ĝaar [disgrace] | — | ĝaaş (live, exist) | — | — | — | — | — |
| ğ | ğaab (be absent) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğaar (become jealous) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| h | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | heej (excite, rave) | haak [here take] | — | heil [cardamom] | — | heen (be easy) | — | — | — | — | heet [give!] | — | — | — | — |
| ħ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħaal [overwhelmed being] | — | — | — | ħaar (worry) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| j | jeeb (bring) | — | — | — | — | jeeĝ (feel hungry) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jaar [neighbor] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| k | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | keen (be) | — | — | kees [glass, cup] | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ꝁ | ꝁaab (be unsuitable) | — | — | ꝁaaf (be afraid) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁouꝁ [peach] | ꝁaal [maternal uncle] | — | ꝁaan (betray, cheat on) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | loul [first] | leem (blame) | leen (soften), loun [color] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| m | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | meel (tilt) | — | — | — | — | — | — | meet (die) | — | — | meey [May] | — |
| n | neeb [tusk, fang] (substitute) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | naar [fire] | nees [people] | — | — | — | — | naay [flute] | — |
| q | — | — | — | — | — | qaaĝ [bottom] | — | — | — | — | — | — | qaal (say, tell) | qaam (wake up, stand up, resurrect) | — | — | — | qaas (measure) | — | qout (aliments) | — | — | — | — |
| r | raab (curdle) | — | raađ (go quiet, be under control) | raaf (have mercy) | — | — | — | — | raaħ (departure, farewell) | — | — | — | — | raam (acclimate, warm up {animals}) | — | — | — | raas [head] | — | — | — | — | raay [opinion, decision-making] | — |
| s | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | seeħ (melt-ish) | — | — | — | seel (be owed, drip) | saam (fast) / seem (guess the price) | saan (protect) | seeq [leg] | saar (become) | sees [basis, foundation] | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ş | şeeb (grow old) | — | — | şeef (notice, see) | — | — | — | — | şeeħ (dry, evaporate) | — | — | şeeꝁ (have fun) | — | — | — | — | — | — | şeeş [guaze] | şaat (kick {ball}, stink) | — | — | — | — |
| t | teeb (repent) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | taaħ (fall) | teej [crown] | — | — | taal (last long) toul [length, height] | — | — | taaq [floor {building}, shelf] | taar (fly) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧaar (revolt) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | youm [day] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | zeed (increase, add) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zaar (visit) | — | — | — | — | — | — | zeez (enter), zouz [two, couple, pair] |
Prepositional pronouns
| Raa | Mĝa | L | B | Fi | Kif | Ĝla | W | Leezem | Ĝin | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | Raani | Mĝaay | Líe | Bíe | Fíe | Kifi | Ĝlíe | Waíeey | Leezemni | Ĝini |
| Enti | Raak | Mĝaak | Lik | Bik | Fik | Kifek | Ĝlik | Waíeek | Leezmek | Ĝinek |
| Húe | Raaho | Mĝaah | Lih | Bih | Fih | Kifou | Ĝlih | Waíeeh | Leezmo | Ĝino |
| Híe | Raahi | Mĝaahe | Lihe | Bihe | Fihe | Kifhe | Ĝlihe | Waíeehe | Leezemhe | Ĝinhe |
| Aħne | Raane | Mĝaane | Line | Bine | Fine | Kifne | Ĝline | Waíeene | Leezemne | Ĝinne |
| Entoume | Raakom | Mĝaakom | Likom | Bikom | Fikom | Kifkom | Ĝlikom | Waíeekom | Leezemkom | Ĝinkom |
| Houme | Raahom | Mĝaahom | Lihom | Bihom | Fihom | Kifhom | Ĝlihom | Waíeehom | Leezemhom | Ĝinhom |
Keen — "to be"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| Eene | nkoun | kont |
| Enti | tkoun | kont |
| Híe | tkoun | keenet |
| Húe | ykoun | keen |
| Aħne | nkouno | konne |
| Entoume | tkouno | konto |
| Houme | ykouno | keeno |
Question words
| Şnúe | Şkoun | L şkoun | Mteeĝ şkoun | Eene | Wein | Mnein | Fein | Waqteeş | Ĝleeş | Kifeeş | Qaddeeş | B qaddeeş | Beeş | Feeş | Mneeş | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Translation | What | Who | To whom | Whose | Which | Where | Where from | Where in | When | Why | How | How much/many | How much/many for | What with | What (progressive action) | What due to |
| Suffixed? | No | Yes! | No | No | No | Yes! | No | Yes! | No | No | Yes (change it to Kifenn) | No | No | No | No | No |
Possible CCVV (verbs) and [nouns]
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | — | bdee (start) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | bkee [(cry)] | — | blee [(test)] | — | bnee (build) | bqaa (stay) | braa (heal) | — | — | btaa (be late) | — | — | — | — |
| d | dbee (inch march) | — | — | dfee (be warm) [warmth] | — | dĝëë [(pray)] | — | — | — | — | — | — | dlee (cast, admit) | dmee (heavily bleed) | dnee (come near) | — | draa (have knowledge) | — | — | — | — | dwee [medicine] | — | — |
| đ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | đwee (glow) | — | — |
| f | — | fdee ([sacrifice] oneself) | fđaa (be free≠busy) [space] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | flee (scrutinize) | — | fnee (vanish) [vanishing] | — | — | fsee (metastasize) | fşee (spread) | — | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | gdee [sufficiency] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ĝ | — | ĝdee (infect) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ĝmee (go blind/blind smone) [blindness] | — | — | ĝree (nakedness) | — | — | ĝtaa (give) | — | ĝwee [(howl)] | ĝyee (be exhausted) | ĝzee [poor thing, pre-funeral] |
| ğ | — | ğdee [lunch] | — | ğfee (snooze) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğlee (become expensive/boil) [expensiveness] | — | ğnee [songs] | — | ğraa (entice) | — | — | ĝtaa [blanket, lid] | — | ğwee (seduce) | — | ğzee (conquer) |
| h | — | hdee (be calm; to present with) | hđee (be delulu) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | hwee [air] | — | — |
| ħ | ħbee (crawl) | — | ħđee [vicinity] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħkee (speak) | — | — | ħmee (protect, furnace) [father-in-law] | — | — | — | — | ħşee (stuff) | — | — | * | ħyee (feel alive) | — |
| j | jbee (tax - historical) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jlee (mess up) | — | jnee (commit felony) | — | jree (run) | — | — | — | jŧee (kneel) | — | — | jzee (reward) |
| k | — | — | — | kfee (be enough) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | klee (eat) | — | — | — | kree [(rent)] | ksee (clothe well) | — | — | — | kwee (iron) | — | — |
| ꝁ | — | — | ꝁđee (take) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁlee (screw up) | — | — | — | * | — | — | ꝁtaa (leave alone) | — | ꝁwee [empty stomach] | — | ꝁzee (bring shame) |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | lğaa (cancel) | lhee (cause distraction) | lħaa [bark] | — | — | — | — | — | — | lqaa (find) | — | — | — | — | — | lwee (twist) | — | — |
| m | — | — | mđaa (sign) | — | — | — | — | — | mħaa (erase) | — | — | — | mlee [(fill)] | — | — | — | mraa [woman] | — | mşee (go) | — | — | — | myee [hundred] | — |
| n | — | ndee [dew] | — | nfee (exile) | — | — | — | nhee (forbid, finish) | — | njee (survive) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | nsee (forget) [women] | — | — | — | nwee (intend) | — | — |
| q | — | — | qđaa (shop, exhaust) [fatal destiny] | qfee [back] | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | qlee (fry) | — | — | — | qraa (study, read) | — | — | — | — | qwee (be stronger) | — | — |
| r | — | — | rđaa (be satisfied) [satisfaction] | — | — | — | — | — | rħaa (grind) [milled grain] | — | — | — | — | rmee (throw) | — | — | — | — | rşee (bribe) | — | — | rwee (water someone) | — | rzee (cause severe lost) |
| s | sbee (enslave, loot) | — | — | sfee [unwanted item] (become clear) | — | sĝëë (strive) | — | shee (be zoned out) | — | — | — | — | — | smee [sky] | snee [year] | sqaa (water something) | — | — | — | — | — | swee (straighten) | — | — |
| ş | — | — | — | şfee (cure - historical) [apetite] | — | — | — | — | — | — | şkee (complain, file a suit) | — | — | — | — | şqaa (go through [hardship]) | şree (buy) | — | — | ştee [winter] | — | şwee [(grill)] | — | — |
| t | — | — | — | tfee (be switched off) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | traa (soften) | — | — | — | — | twee (fold; blanket) | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧnee (fold) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | wfee (run out, be over) | — | — | — | — | wħaa (be revealed to) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | wraa [behind] | — | — | wtaa [floor] | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zhee (feel vibrant) | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | [zwee (shreik; a child or a rabbit)] | — | — |
Adjectived pronouns
| Object | Dependent possessive | Independent possessive | Abstract reflexive | Effective reflexive | Independent negative auxiliary | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | -ni | -i | mteeĝi | rouħi | bydi | meniş |
| Enti | -(e)k | -(e)k | mteeĝek | rouħek | bydek | mekş |
| Húe | -o (-h) | -o (-h) | mteeĝo | rouħo | bydo | mehouş |
| Híe | -he | -he | mteeĝhe | rouħhe | bydhe | meheeş |
| Aħne | -ne | -ne | mteeĝne | rweeħne | bydne | meneeş |
| Entoume | -kom | -kom | mteeĝkom | rweeħkom | bydkom | mekomş |
| Houme | -hom | -hom | mteeĝhom | rweeħhom | bydhom | mehomş |
Personal pronouns
In general Tunisian, distinction between You (sg. ms.) and You (sg. fm.) was lost. Many dialects still preserve it
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular masculine | Eene | Enti (Ente*) | Húe |
| Singular feminine | Eene | Enti (Enti*) | Híe |
| Plural | Aħne | Entoume | Houme |
Prepositions in regards to mutation
| from, due to | about, over | to, for | in | with (abstract) | like | with (physical) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | men | ĝle | l | fi | b | kif | mĝe |
| Mutated | m | ĝa(C) | l | f | b | k | mĝa(C) |
Distribution of coronal consonants
| Letters | |
|---|---|
| Coronal | d, đ, j, l, n, r, s, ş, t, ŧ, z |
| Non-Coronal | b, f, g, ĝ, ğ, h, ħ, k, ꝁ, m, p, q, v, w, x, y |
| Vowels | a, e, ë, i, o, u |
Kteb — "to write"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nektb | ktebt |
| 2sg | tekteb | ktebt |
| 3sg ms | yekteb | kteb |
| 3sg fm | tekteb | ketbet |
| 1pl | nektbo | ktebne |
| 2pl | tektbo | ktebto |
| 3pl | yektbo | ketbo |
Ĝmal — "to do"
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | naĝmel | ĝmalt |
| 2sg | taĝmel | ĝmalt |
| 3sg ms | yaĝmel | ĝmal |
| 3sg fm | taĝmel | ĝamlet |
| 1pl | naĝmlo | ĝmalne |
| 2pl | taĝmlo | ĝmalto |
| 3pl | yaĝmlo | ĝamlo |
CCVC Verbs
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + {ablaut} + CCeC | CCVC + t |
| 2sg | t + {ablaut} + CCeC | CCVC + t |
| 3sg ms | y + {ablaut} + CCeC | CVCC + et |
| 3sg fm | t + {ablaut} + CCeC | CCVC |
| 1pl | n + {ablaut} + CCC + o | CCVC + ne |
| 2pl | t + {ablaut} + CCC + o | CCVC + to |
| 3pl | y+ {ablaut} + CCC + o | CVCC + o |
Mşee — "to go"
Technically "ii" defaults to "i" in a stressed syllable
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | nemşi | mşit |
| 2sg | temşio | mşit |
| 3sg ms | yemşi | mşee |
| 3sg fm | temşi | mşeet |
| 1pl | nemşio | mşine |
| 2pl | temşio | mşito |
| 3pl | yemşio | mşeeo |
Qraa — "to study"
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | naqra | qrit |
| 2sg | taqra | qrit |
| 3sg ms | yaqra | qraa |
| 3sg fm | taqra | qraat |
| 1pl | naqraao | qrine |
| 2pl | taqraao | qrito |
| 3pl | yaqraao | qraao |
CCVV Verbs
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| Present | Past | |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | n + VCC + {ablaut} | CC + it |
| 2sg | t + VCC + {ablaut} | CC + it |
| 3sg ms | y + VCC + {ablaut} | CCVV |
| 3sg fm | t + VCC + {ablaut} | CCVV + t |
| 1pl | n+ VCC + {ablaut×2} + o | CC + ine |
| 2pl | t + VCC + {ablaut×2} + o | CC + ito |
| 3pl | y + VCC + {ablaut×2} + o | CCVV + o |