Paradigm Tables
Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Tounsi
Possible CCVV (verbs) and [nouns]
| b | d | đ | f | g | ĝ | ğ | h | ħ | j | k | ꝁ | l | m | n | q | r | s | ş | t | ŧ | w | y | z | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b | — | bdee (start) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | bkee (cry) | — | blee (test) | — | bnee (build) | bqaa (to stay | braa (to heal) | — | — | btaa (be late) | — | — | — | — |
| d | dbee (inch march) | — | — | dfee (be warm) | — | dĝëë (pray) | — | — | — | — | — | — | dlee (cast, admit) | dmee (heavily bleed) | dnee (come near) | — | draa (have knowledge) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| đ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| f | — | fdee (sacrifice oneself) | fđaa (be free≠busy) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | flee (scrutinize) | — | fnee (vanish) | — | — | fsee (metastasize) | fşee (spread) | — | — | — | — | — |
| g | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ĝ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ĝmee (go blind) | — | — | — | — | — | ĝtaa (give) | — | ĝwee (howl) | ĝyee (be exhausted) | — |
| ğ | — | — | — | ğfee (snooze) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ğlee (become expensive) | — | — | — | ğraa (entice) | — | — | — | — | ğwee (seduce) | — | — |
| h | — | hdee (be calm) | hđee (be delulu) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ħ | ħbee (crawl) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ħkee (speak) | — | — | ħmee (protect) | — | — | — | — | ħşee (stuff) | — | — | * | — | — |
| j | jbee (tax - historical) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | jlee (mess up) | — | jnee (commit felony) | — | jree (run) | — | — | — | jŧee (kneel) | — | — | — |
| k | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | klee (eat) | — | — | — | kree (rent) | ksee (clothe well) | — | — | — | kwee (iron) | — | — |
| ꝁ | — | — | ꝁđee (take) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ꝁlee (screw up) | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| l | — | — | — | — | — | — | lğaa (cancel) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | lqaa (find) | — | — | — | — | — | lwee (twist) | — | — |
| m | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | mħaa (erase) | — | — | — | mlee (fill) | — | — | — | — | — | mşee (go) | — | — | — | — | — |
| n | — | — | — | nfee (deny) | — | — | — | nhee (forbid, finish) | — | njee (survive) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | nsee (forget) | — | — | — | nwee (intend) | — | — |
| q | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | qlee (fry) | — | — | — | qraa (study, read) | — | — | — | — | qwee (be stronger) | — | — |
| r | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | rħaa (grind) | — | — | — | — | rmee (throw) | — | — | — | — | rşee (bribe) | — | — | rwee (water someone) | — | — |
| s | — | — | — | — | — | sĝëë (strive) | — | shee (be zoned out) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | sqaa (water something) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ş | — | — | — | şfee (cure - historical) | — | — | — | — | — | — | şkee (complain, file a suit) | — | — | — | — | şqaa (go through hardship) | şree (buy) | — | — | — | — | swee (straighten) | — | — |
| t | — | — | — | tfee (switch off) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | şwee (barbeque, grill) | — | — |
| ŧ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ŧnee (fold) | — | — | — | — | — | — | twee (fold; a blanket) | — | — |
| w | — | — | — | wfee (run out, be over) | — | — | — | — | wħaa (be revealed to) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| y | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| z | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | zhee (feel vibrant) | — | — | — | — | — | — | * | — | — | — | — | — | — | zwee (shreik; a child or a rabbit) | — | — |
Adjectives pronouns
| Object | Independent possessive | Dependent possessive | Abstract reflexive | Effective reflexive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eene | -ni | -i | mteeĝi | rouħi | bydi |
| Enti | -(e)k | -(e)k | mteeĝk | rouħk | bydek |
| Húe | -o (-h) | -o (-h) | mteeĝo | rouħo | bydo |
| Híe | -he | -he | mteeĝhe | rouħhe | bydhe |
| Ëħne | -ne | -ne | mteeĝne | rweeħne | bydne |
| Entoume | -kom | -kom | mteeĝkom | rweeħkom | bydkom |
| Houme | -hom | -hom | mteeĝhom | rweeħhom | bydhom |
Personal pronouns
In general Tunisian, distinction between You (sg. ms.) and You (sg. fm.) was lost. Many other dialects still preserve it
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular masculine | Eene | Enti (Ente*) | Húe |
| Singular feminine | Eene | Enti (Enti*) | Híe |
| Plural | Ëħne | Entoume | Houme |
Prepositions in regards to mutation
| from, due to | about, over | to, for | in | with | like | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | men | ĝlë | l | fi | b | kif |
| Mutated | m | ĝa | l | f | b | k |
Distribution of coronal consonants
| Letters | |
|---|---|
| Coronal | d, đ, j, l, n, r, s, ş, t, ŧ, z |
| Non-Coronal | b, f, g, ĝ, ğ, h, ħ, k, ꝁ, m, p, q, v, w, x, y |
| Vowels | a, e, ë, i, o, u, |
Present tense conjugation of kteb/ĝmël
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | nektb / nëĝml | tektb / tëĝml | tektb / tëĝml | yektb / yëĝml |
| Plural | nektbo / nëĝmlo | tektbo / tëĝmlo | yektbo / yëĝmlo | yektbo / yëĝmlo |
Present tense conjugation: CCVC
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | n + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | y + Pr.s |
| Plural | n + Pr.s + o | t + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o |
Past tense conjugation of kteb/ĝmël
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ktebt / ĝmëlt | ktebt / ĝmëlt | ketbet / ĝëmlet | kteb / ĝmêl |
| Plural | ktebne / ĝmëlne | ktebto / ĝmëlto | ketbo / ĝëmlo | ketbo / ĝëmlo |
Past tense conjugation: CCVC
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Inf. + t | Inf. + t | Ps.s + et | Inf. |
| Plural | Inf. + ne | Inf. + to | Ps.s + o | Ps.s + o |
Present tense conjugation of mşee/qraa
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | nemşi / naqra | temşi / taqra | temşi / taqra | yemşi / yaqra |
| Plural | nemşiou / naqrao | temşio / taqrao | yemşio / yaqrao | yemşio / yaqrao |
Past tense conjugation: CCVV
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Ps.s + t | Ps.s + t | Inf. + t | Inf. |
| Plural | Ps.s + ne | Ps.s + to | Inf. + o | Inf. + o |
Past tense conjugation of mşee/qraa
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | mşeit / qreit | mşeit / qreit | mşeet / qraat | mşee / qraa |
| Plural | mşeine / qreine | mşeito / qreito | mşeeo / qraao | mşeeo / qraao |
Present tense conjugation: CCVV
3rd person plural doesn't distinguish feminine from masculine
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person masculine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | n + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | t + Pr.s | y + Pr.s |
| Plural | n + Pr.s + o | t + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o | y + Pr.s + o |