Paradigm Tables
Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Norþumbrisc
Habitual State Copula
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | Default (full NP subject) | Adjacent Pronoun Subject | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | bẏ | bist | biþ | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | bẏþ | bẏ |
Active State Copula
| 1st Person | 2nd Person | 3rd Person | Default (full NP subject) | Adjacent Pronoun Subject | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ar | ar | ar | — | — |
| Plural | — | — | — | aren | ar |
Modals
| kunnen "can" | maȝen "may" | sculen "shall" | mu̇ten "must" | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present 1sg/3sg | kȧn | mak | scal | mu̇t |
| Present 2sg/pl | konst | maht | scalt | mu̇st |
| Present pl (default) | ku̇n | mak | scul | mu̇t |
| Preterite (all persons) | ku̇þe | mahte | scẏlde | mu̇ste |
Strong / Irregular Verb - hȧven "have"
| Form | |
|---|---|
| Infinitive | hȧven |
| Present participle | hȧvand(e) |
| Past participle | hȧd |
| Preterite (all persons) | hȧde |
| Present 1sg | hȧve |
| Present 2sg/3sg | hȧs |
| Present pl (default) | hȧs |
| Present pl (adjacent pronoun) | hȧf |
| Imperative sg | hȧf |
| Imperative pl | hȧveþ |
Strong / Irregular Verb - gȧn "go"
| Form | |
|---|---|
| Infinitive | gȧn |
| Present participle | gȧnd(e) |
| Past participle | gon |
| Preterite (all persons) | wende |
| Present 1sg | gȧ |
| Present 2sg/3sg | gȧs |
| Present pl (default) | gȧs |
| Present pl (adjacent pronoun) | gȧ |
| Imperative sg | gȧ |
| Imperative pl | gȧþ |
Weak Verbs
| Ending | |
|---|---|
| Infinitive | -en |
| Present participle | -and(e) |
| Past participle | -ed |
| Preterite (all persons) | -de |
| Present 1sg | -e |
| Present 2sg | -es |
| Present 3sg | -es |
| Present pl (default) | -es |
| Present pl (adjacent pronoun) | Ø |
| Imperative sg | Ø |
| Imperative pl | -eþ |
Pronouns
| 1st Singular | 1st Plural | 2nd Singular/Plural | 3rd Masculine | 3rd Feminine | 3rd Neuter | 3rd Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ẏk | wẏ | ȝouȝ | hẏ | scẏ | ẏd | þeȝ |
| Objective | mẏ | u̇s | ȝe | hẏm | hẏr | ẏd | þeȝm |
| Possessive Adjective | maȝ | u̇r | ȝẏ | hẏs | hẏr | ẏds | þeȝr |
| Possessive Nominal | mẏn | u̇rs | ȝẏn | hẏs | hẏrs | ẏds | þeȝrs |
Root-Noun / Mutation-Plural
| Animal Type | Kinship Type | |
|---|---|---|
| Common Singular | bare stem | bare stem |
| Genitive Singular | bare stem (+ -s, optional) | bare stem |
| Common Plural | mutated vowel | bare stem (+ -a / -u) |
| Genitive Plural | mutated vowel (+ -s / -na) | bare stem (+ -ena) |
Weak Declension Nouns
Only for nouns that specifically descend from an OE -a-stem or -e-stem
| Common | Genitive | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | -e | -en |
| Plural | -en | -ena/-en |
Strong Declension Nouns
- The large majority of native nouns
- All loanwords, regardless of source
- Any noun where you haven't traced a specific OE weak-stem origin
| Common | Genitive | |
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Ø | -es |
| Plural | -es | -es (regular) / -ene (formal, archaic) |