Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for African
| Masculine singular | Feminine singular | Masculine plural | Feminine plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Me | Meǝ | Meo(s) | Mea(s) |
| 2nd person singular | Tu | Tuǝ | Tuo(s) | Tua(s) |
| 1st person plural | Nuostr | Nuostrǝ | Nuostro(s) | Nuostra(s) |
| 2nd person plural | Vuostr | Vuostrǝ | Vuostro(s) | Vuostra(s) |
| 3rd person | Su | Suǝ | Suo(s) | Sua(s) |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Puo(s) | Puod | Poterǝ | Posro | Puo(s) | Puodi(s) | Posriǝ | Posrevǝ | — |
| 2nd person singular | Puode(s) | Puodi(s) | Potera | Posre(s) | Puosi(s) | Puodise(s) | Posria(s) | Posreva(s) | Puode(s) |
| 3rd person singular | Puode(s) | Puod | Poterǝ | Posre | Puo(s) | Puodi(s) | Posriǝ | Posrevǝ | — |
| 1st person plural | Posumu(s) | Puotimu(s) | Poteramu(s) | Posremu(s) | Posimu(s) | Podisemu(s) | Posriamu(s) | Posrevamu(s) | Posumu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | Potxesti(s) | Puodisti(s) | Poteradi(s) | Posredi(s) | Posidi(s) | Podisedi(s) | Posriadi(s) | Posrevadi(s) | Puosed |
| 3rd person plural | Puosun | Poterun | Poteran | Posren | Puosin | Puodisen | Posrian | Posrevan | — |
| Subject | Direct object | Indirect object | Reflexive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Yo | -me | -mi | -me |
| 2nd person singular | Tú | -te | -ti | -te |
| 3rd person singular | Il/Illǝ | -lu/-lǝ | -li | -se |
| 1st person plural | No(s) | -no(s) | -no(s) | -no(s) |
| 2nd person plural | Vo(s) | -vo(s) | -vo(s) | -vo(s) |
| 3rd person plural | Ille(s)/Illa(s) | -lo(s)/-la(s)/-le(s) | -li(s) | -se |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Ho | Av | Avevə | Avro | Haviə | Havi(s) | Havriə | Avrevə | — |
| 2nd person singular | Ha(s) | Avi(s) | Aveva(s) | Avre(s) | Havia(s) | Havise(s) | Havria(s) | Avreva(s) | Hav |
| 3rd person singular | Ha | Av | Avevə | Avre | Haviə | Havi(s) | Havriə | Avrevə | — |
| 1st person plural | Avemu(s) | Avimu(s) | Avevamu(s) | Avremu(s) | Haviamu(s) | Havisemu(s) | Havriamu(s) | Avrevamu(s) | Havemu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | Avedi(s) | Avisti(s) | Avevadi(s) | Avredi(s) | Haviadi(s) | Havisedi(s) | Havriadi(s) | Avrevadi(s) | Haved |
| 3rd person plural | Han | Avrun | Avevan | Avren | Havian | Havisen | Havrian | Avrevan | — |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Stó | Sted | Stavǝ | Staro | Ste | Stedi(s) | Stariǝ | Starevǝ | — |
| 2nd person singular | Stá(s) | Stedi(s) | Stava(s) | Stare(s) | Ste(s) | Stedise(s) | Staria(s) | Stareva(s) | Sta |
| 3rd person singular | Stá | Sted | Stavǝ | Stare | Ste | Stedi(s) | Stariǝ | Starevǝ | — |
| 1st person plural | Stamu(s) | Stedimu(s) | Stavamu(s) | Staremu(s) | Stemu(s) | Stedisemu(s) | Stariamu(s) | Starevamu(s) | Stamu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | Stadi(s) | Stedisti(s) | Stavadi(s) | Staredi(s) | Stedi(s) | Stedisedi(s) | Stariadi(s) | Starevadi(s) | Stad |
| 3rd person plural | Stan | Stedrun | Stavan | Staren | Sten | Stedisen | Starian | Starevan | — |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Sú | Fui | Erǝ | Esro | Si | Fui(s) | Esriǝ | Esrevǝ | — |
| 2nd person singular | É(s) | Fui(s) | Era(s) | Esre(s) | Si(s) | Fuise(s) | Esria(s) | Esreva(s) | É(s) |
| 3rd person singular | É(s) | Fui | Erǝ | Esre | Si | Fui(s) | Esriǝ | Esrevǝ | — |
| 1st person plural | Sumu(s) | Fuimu(s) | Eramu(s) | Esremu(s) | Simu(s) | Fuisemu(s) | Esriamu(s) | Esrevamu(s) | Sumu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | Esti(s) | Fuisti(s) | Eradi(s) | Esredi(s) | Sidi(s) | Fuisedi(s) | Esriadi(s) | Esrevadi(s) | Es |
| 3rd person plural | Sun | Fuerun | Eran | Esren | Sin | Fuisen | Esrian | Esrevan | — |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | -i | -iv | -ievə | -iro | -iə | -ivi(s) | -iriə | -irevə | — |
| 2nd person singular | -i(s) | -ivi(s) | -ieva(s) | -ire(s) | -ia(s) | -ivise(s) | -iria(s) | -ireva(s) | -∅ |
| 3rd person singular | -∅ | -iv | -ievə | -ire | -iə | -ivi(s) | -iriə | -irevə | — |
| 1st person plural | -imu(s) | -ivimu(s) | -ievamu(s) | -iremu(s) | -iamu(s) | -ivisemu(s) | -iriamu(s) | -irevamu(s) | -imu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | -idi(s) | -ivisti(s) | -ievadi(s) | -iredi(s) | -iadi(s) | -ivisedi(s) | -iriadis) | -irevadi(s) | -id |
| 3rd person plural | -iun | -ivrun | -ievan | -iren | -ian | -ivisen | -irian | -irevan | — |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | -∅ | -∅ | -evǝ | -ro | -ǝ | -i(s) | -riǝ | -revǝ | — |
| 2nd person singular | -i(s) | -i(s) | -eva(s) | -re(s) | -a(s) | -ise(s) | -ria(s) | -reva(s) | -∅ |
| 3rd person singular | -∅ | -∅ | -evǝ | -re | -ǝ | -i(s) | -riǝ | -revǝ | — |
| 1st person plural | -imu(s) | -imu(s) | -evamu(s) | -remu(s) | -amu(s) | -isemu(s) | -riamu(s) | -revamu(s) | -imu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | -idi(s) | -isti(s) | -evadi(s) | -redi(s) | -adi(s) | -isedi(s) | -riadi(s) | -revadi(s) | -id |
| 3rd person plural | -un | -run | -evan | -ren | -an | -isen | -rian | -revan | — |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | -i | -iv | -ievə | -iro | -iə | -ivi(s) | -iriə | -irevə | — |
| 2nd person singular | -i(s) | -ivi(s) | -ieva(s) | -ire(s) | -ia(s) | -ivise(s) | -iria(s) | -ireva(s) | -∅ |
| 3rd person singular | -∅ | -iv | -ievə | -ire | -iə | -ivi(s) | -iriə | -irevə | — |
| 1st person plural | -imu(s) | -ivimu(s) | -ievamu(s) | -iremu(s) | -iamu(s) | -ivisemu(s) | -iriamu(s) | -irevamu(s) | -imu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | -idi(s) | -ivisti(s) | -ievadi(s) | -iredi(s) | -iadi(s) | -ivisedi(s) | -iriadis) | -irevadi(s) | -id |
| 3rd person plural | -iun | -ivrun | -ievan | -iren | -ian | -ivisen | -irian | -irevan | — |
| Present indicative | Preterite indicative | Imperfect indicative | Future indicative | Present subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | -∅ | -av | -avə | -aro | -∅ | -avi(s) | -ariə | -arevə | — |
| 2nd person singular | -as) | -avi(s) | -ava(s) | -are(s) | -a(s) | -avise(s) | -aria(s) | -areva(s) | -ə |
| 3rd person singular | -ə | -av | -avə | -are | -∅ | -avi(s) | -ariə | -arevə | — |
| 1st person plural | -amu(s) | -avimu(s) | -avamu(s) | -aremu(s) | -emu(s) | -avisemu(s) | -ariamu(s) | -arevamu(s) | -amu(s) |
| 2nd person plural | -adi(s) | -avisti(s) | -avadi(s) | -aredi(s) | -edi(s) | -avisedi(s) | -ariadis) | -arevadi(s) | -ad |
| 3rd person plural | -an | -avrun | -avan | -aren | -en | -avisen | -arian | -arevan | — |