Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for Kufqo Language
| Ordinal | IPA | Structure | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | qʏɾ | qʏɾ | 1 | first |
| 2 | kʏ | kʏ | 2 | second |
| 3 | vʏ | vʏ | 3 | third |
| 4 | ɽo | ɽo | 4 | fourth |
| 5 | ðɔl | ðɔl | 5 | fifth |
| 6 | ðɔqʏɾ | ðɔqʏɾ | 5+1 | — |
| 7 | tɔkʏɾ | tɔkʏɾ | 5+2 | — |
| 8 | ðɔvʏl | ðɔvʏl | 5+3 | — |
| 9 | ɽɔto | ɽɔto | 5+4 | — |
| 10 | kʏðɔl | kʏðɔl | 2x5 | tenth |
| 11 | kʏðɔqʏɾ | kʏðɔqʏɾ | (2x5) + 1 | — |
| 12 | gʏðɔkʏɾ | gʏðɔkʏɾ | (2x5) + 1 | — |
| 13 | kʏðɔvʏl | kʏðɔvʏl | (2x5) + 1 | — |
| 14 | kʏɽɔto | kʏɽɔto | (2x5) + 1 | — |
| 15 | vʏðɔl | vʏðɔl | 3x5 | fifteenth |
| 16 | vʏðɔqʏɾ | vʏðɔqʏɾ | (3x5) + 1 | — |
| 17 | vʏtɔkʏɾ | vʏtɔkʏɾ | (3x5) + 1 | — |
| 18 | vʏðɔvʏl | vʏðɔvʏl | (3x5) + 1 | — |
| 19 | vʏɽɔto | vʏɽɔto | (3x5) + 1 | — |
| 20 | qað | qað | 20 | twentieth |
| 21 | qam-qʏɾ | qam-qʏɾ | 20+1 | — |
| 22 | qam-kʏ | qam-kʏ | 20+ | — |
| 23 | qam-vʏ | qam-vʏ | 20+ | — |
| 24 | qam-ɽo | qam-ɽo | 20+ | — |
| 25 | qam-ðɔl | qam-ðɔl | 20+ | — |
| 30 | qam-kʏðɔl | qam-kʏðɔl | 20 + (2x5) | thirtieth |
| 40 | gʏ-qað | gʏ-qað | 2x20 | — |
| 45 | gʏ-qam-ðɔl | gʏ-qam-ðɔl | 2x20 | fourty-fifth |
| Cardinal | IPA | Structure | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | qʏ | qʏ | 1 | one |
| 2 | gʏ | gʏ | 2 | two |
| 3 | bʏ | bʏ | 3 | three |
| 4 | ðo | ðo | 4 | four |
| 5 | tɔl | tɔl | 5 | five |
| 6 | tɔl-qʏ | tɔl-qʏ | 5+1 | six |
| 7 | tɔl-gʏ | tɔl-gʏ | 5+2 | seven |
| 8 | tɔl-bʏ | tɔl-bʏ | 5+3 | eight |
| 9 | tɔl-ðo | tɔl-ðo | 5+4 | nine |
| 10 | gʏtɔl | gʏtɔl | 2x5 | two hands |
| 10 (alt) | mʏqam | mʏqam | 1/2 of 20 | half-body-count |
| 11 | gʏtɔl-qʏ | gʏtɔl-qʏ | (2x5) + 1 | eleven |
| 12 | gʏtɔl-gʏ | gʏtɔl-gʏ | (2x5) + 2 | twelve |
| 13 | gʏtɔl-bʏ | gʏtɔl-bʏ | (2x5) + 3 | thirteen |
| 14 | gʏtɔl-ðo | gʏtɔl-ðo | (2x5) + 4 | fourteen |
| 15 | bʏtɔl | bʏtɔl | 3x5 | fifteen |
| 15 (alt) | ʕavqam | ʕavqam | 3/4 of 20 | three-quarters-body-count |
| 16 | bʏtɔl-qʏ | bʏtɔl-qʏ | (3x5) + 1 | sixteen |
| 17 | bʏtɔl-gʏ | bʏtɔl-gʏ | (3x5) + 2 | seventeen |
| 18 | bʏtɔl-bʏ | bʏtɔl-bʏ | (3x5) + 3 | eighteen |
| 19 | bʏtɔl-ðo | bʏtɔl-ðo | (3x5) + 4 | nineteen |
| 20 | qam | qam | 20 | body-count |
| 21 | qam-qʏ | qam-qʏ | 20 + 1 | twenty one |
| 22 | qam-gʏ | qam-gʏ | 20 + 2 | twenty two |
| 23 | qam-bʏ | qam-bʏ | 20 + 3 | twenty three |
| 24 | qam-ðo | qam-ðo | 20 + 4 | twenty four |
| 25 | qam-tɔl | qam-tɔl | 20 + 5 | twenty five |
| 30 | qam-gʏtɔl | qam-gʏtɔl | 20 + 10 | thirty |
| 40 | gʏ-qam | gʏ-qam | 2x20 | fourty |
| 60 | bʏ-qam | bʏ-qam | 3x20 | sixty |
| 80 | ðo-qam | ðo-qam | 4x20 | eighty |
| 100 | tɔl-qam | tɔl-qam | 5x20 | hundred |
| Undifferenciated | Male | Female | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self | ðʏ | qav | ðʏ̤̈˨˩ |
| Person | qav | qɑ˦v | qɐ̤˨˩v |
| Adressed | ɾʉ | ɾʉ̞˦ | ɾʉ̤̈˨˩ |
| Adressee | ɾʉð | ɾʉ̞ð˦ | ɾʉ̤̈ð˨ |
| Child (own) | bʏɹ | bʏ̞ɹ˦ | bʏ̤̈ɹ˨˩ |
| Child (general) | ˈbʏɹo | ˈbʏ̞˦ɹo | ˈbʏ̤̈˨˩ɹo |
| Spouse | ˈvɔɾo | ˈvɔ̞˦ɾo | ˈvo̤˨˩ɾo |
| Friend | ˈʙʉbo | ˈʙʉ̞˦bo | ˈʙʉ̤̈˨˩bo |
| Parent | ɽiv | ɽiv˦ | ɽɪ̤̈˨˩v |
| Aunt / Uncle | bʏɹqit | ɽi˦vqit | ɽɪ̤̈˨˩vqit |
| Cousin | ɽivqit | bʏ̞˦ɹqit | bʏ̤̈˨˩ɹqit |
| Grandchild | mɔbʏɹ | mɔ̞˦bʏɹ | mo̤˨˩bʏɹ |
| Grandparent | mɔɽiv | mɔ̞˦ɽiv | vo̤˨˩kvif |
| Non-Human (e.g. animal) | vɔkvif | vɔ̞˦kvif | vo̤˨˩kvif |
| Form | Translation | Leipzig Gloss | Use Case | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal negative | ði ðʏ vonɔ fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | Here, I do not go home. | PROX 1SG house go-NEG-STATE.CALM-ALLOC.PEER | Basic proximal negative clause | Canonical local-frame SOV order |
| Proximal asserted positive | ði ðʏ vonɔ na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | Here, I do go home. | PROX 1SG house ASSERT go-NEG-STATE.CALM-ALLOC.PEER | Marked affirmative in proximal frame | Double negation yields asserted positive |
| Distal asserted positive | ðɔ vonɔ ðʏ na fʏkvʏ-mi-no-nɔ=vava | There, home I do go. | DIST house 1SG ASSERT go-NEG-STATE.GRIEF-ALLOC.ELDER=POL.DEFER | Distal clause with fronted goal | Distal frame fronts affected/goal constituent |
| Angry respectful | ði ðʏ na qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=va | Here, I am indeed speaking. | PROX 1SG ASSERT speak-NEG-STATE.ANGRY-ALLOC.PEER=POL.RESP | Irritated but controlled speech | Anger raises politeness marking |
| Fearful negative | ði qɑv ɽʉ ʔoqʕoð-mi-fi-kʏ | Here, the person does not drink water. | PROX person water ingest-NEG-STATE.FEAR-ALLOC.YOUNG | Fear-marked ordinary negative | Uses ungendered human noun qɑv |
| Form | Meaning | Leipzig Gloss | Position | Example | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unmarked | ∅ | unmarked present, generic, gnomic | PRS/GEN | after -mi if negated, after ROOT otherwise | na boqʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | I do see | Also used for nonpast or general truth |
| Past | -ta | past | PST | after NEG | na boqʏ-mi-ta-bo-ɾi | I did see | Compatible with all state and allocutive suffixes |
| Future | -li | future | FUT | after NEG | na boqʏ-mi-li-bo-ɾi | I will see | Often used with intentional or projected events |
| Meaning | Function | Leipzig Gloss | Example | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -bo | calm, controlled, emotionally flat | neutral speaker-state marking | STATE.CALM | na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | I do go, calmly | Default least-marked finite state |
| -ða | angry, affronted, sharpened | anger state | STATE.ANGRY | na qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=va | I am indeed speaking, angrily | Often co-occurs with raised politeness |
| -vʉ | dutiful, restrained, obedient | obligation, restraint, disciplined compliance | STATE.DUT | fʏkvʏ-mi-vʉ-ɾi | I do not go, dutifully | Good for formal or rank-sensitive contexts |
| -ɽo | reluctant, ashamed, constrained | shame, hesitation, social inhibition | STATE.REL/ASH | na boqʏ-mi-ɽo-ɾi | I do see, reluctantly | Covers reluctance and shame-like affect |
| -fi | fearful, anxious | fear, apprehension, instability | STATE.FEAR | ʔoqʕoð-mi-fi-kʏ | does not drink, fearfully | Often used in warnings or stressful speech |
| -no | grieving, heavy-hearted, longing | grief, mourning, yearning | STATE.GRIEF | na fʏkvʏ-mi-no-nɔ=vava | I do go, grievingly | Also used for longing or homesick affect |
| -lɔ | warm, affectionate, open | affection, tenderness, emotional openness | STATE.WARM | na qʏfqʏ-mi-lɔ-kʏ | I do speak, warmly | Replaces many lexical emotion words |
| Meaning | Leipzig Gloss | Register | Example | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calm | calm speech permits plain or respectful marking | STATE.CALM + POL.PLAIN/RESP | neutral everyday | qʏfqʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | I am not speaking | No special pressure toward high politeness |
| Irritated | irritation prefers respectful marking | STATE.ANGRY + POL.RESP | controlled formal irritation | qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=va | I am not speaking, respectfully | Anger begins to raise politeness |
| Furious | high anger prefers deferential marking | STATE.ANGRY + POL.DEFER | ceremonial or cutting fury | qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-nɔ=vava | I am not speaking, very deferentially | In Qʏfqo, strongest anger is often most polite |
| Meaning | Leipzig Gloss | Register | Example | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| =∅ | plain, unmarked | POL.PLAIN | neutral everyday | qʏfqʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | I am not speaking | Zero clitic, often left unexpressed |
| =va | respectful | POL.RESP | formal, restrained, controlled | qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-ɾi=va | I am not speaking, respectfully | Favoured in irritated but disciplined speech |
| =vava | deferential, ceremonial | POL.DEFER | highly formal, elevated, emotionally marked | qʏfqʏ-mi-ða-nɔ=vava | I am not speaking, most respectfully | Common in rank-asymmetrical or furious speech |
| Meaning | Leipzig Gloss | Use case | Example | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -kʏ | younger addressee | ALLOC.YOUNG | speaking to a child, junior, or younger listener | boqʏ-mi-bo-kʏ | I do not see, to someone younger | I do not see, to someone younger |
| -ɾi | peer addressee | ALLOC.PEER | speaking to an age-mate, cohort, equal | boqʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | I do not see, to a peer | Default allocutive in neutral adult speech |
| -nɔ | older addressee | ALLOC.ELDER | speaking to an elder, superior, senior | boqʏ-mi-bo-nɔ | I do not see, to an elder | Often pairs with higher politeness |
| Meaning | Form | Leipzig Gloss | Default Order | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proximal | here, in speaker’s sphere | ði | PROX | SOV | ði ðʏ vonɔ na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | Local, immediate, present frame |
| Distal | here, in speaker’s sphere | ðɔ | DIST | OSV-like / goal-fronted | ðɔ vonɔ ðʏ na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | Distal frame fronts object, goal, or affected phrase |
| Meaning | Leipzig Gloss | Example | Use Case | Translation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V | bare non-assertive form | BARE | fʏkvʏ | citation, imperative, subordinate, generic | go; to go | Not the normal asserted positive finite form |
| V-mi | bare non-assertive form | NEG | fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | ordinary negation | does not go | Single negation is truly negative |
| na V-mi | asserted positive | ASSERT NEG | na fʏkvʏ-mi-bo-ɾi | deliberate affirmation, marked truth-claim | does go | Double negation yields positive asserted reading |
| Form | Meaning | Leipzig Gloss | Example | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ROOT | lexical stem | core verbal meaning | ROOT | qʏfqʏ | Citation form of the verb |
| NEG | -mi | negation | NEG | qʏfqʏ-mi | Required for ordinary negative and asserted positive with na |
| TAM | -ta / -li / ∅ | past / future / unmarked | PST / FUT / PRS.GEN | qʏfqʏ-mi-ta | Follows NEG |
| STATE | -bo / -ða / -vʉ / -ɽo / -fi / -no / -lɔ | speaker mental-emotional state | STATE | qʏfqʏ-mi-ta-bo | Carries grammatical emotion |
| ALLOC | -kʏ / -ɾi / -nɔ | allocutive age agreement | ALLOC | qʏfqʏ-mi-ta-bo-ɾi | Indexes listener age class |
| POL | =∅ / =va / =vava | politeness clitic | POL | qʏfqʏ-mi-ta-bo-ɾi=va | Clause-edge politeness marking |