Paradigm Tables
Morphological patterns, declensions, and conjugations for High Qhālan
Verb Tense and Aspect
High Qhālan inherits Qebaric verb structure. Most dictionary verbs end in -hen or -en. The working stem is formed by removing the infinitive ending. Tense and aspect are marked with suffixes. Negation uses the particle nu before the verb. In careful ritual speech, older full forms are preferred.
| Form | Pattern | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive / Dictionary | -hen / -en | STEM + -hen / -en | to VERB |
| Present Habitual | ∅ / -en | STEM or dictionary form | does regularly / generally |
| Present Continuous | -ak | STEM + -ak | is doing now |
| Past / Perfective | -ud | STEM + -ud | did / has done |
| Future / Prospective | -en | STEM + -en | will do / expected to do |
| Negative | nu + VERB | nu + VERB | does not / did not / will not |
Noun Case
High Qhālan preserves the full Qebaric case system in ritual, legal, poetic, and formal speech. In ordinary formal use, nominative, genitive, locative, and ablative are the strongest surviving cases. Accusative and instrumental remain common in high-register recitation and legal formulas.
| Suffix | Meaning | High Qhālan Use | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ∅ | subject / base form | common |
| Accusative | -ak | direct object | formal / legal |
| Genitive | -ar | of / belonging to | common |
| Locative | -al | in / at / on | common |
| Instrumental | -ath | with / by means of | ritual / formal |
| Ablative | -ud | from / away from | common in oath speeches |
Noun Number by Gender
High Qhālan preserves Qebaric gender and number marking in formal speech. Singular nouns use the bare root. Plural, dual, and paucal forms are marked by suffixes determined by gender. Final root -d may disappear in bare forms through sound change, but it reappears or remains protected when followed by suffixes.
| Masculine | Feminine | Neuter/Inanimate | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ∅ | ∅ | ∅ |
| Plural | -en | -un | -ad |
| Dual | -et | -ut | -et |
| Paucal | -em | -um | -em |