Phonology
Sound inventory and phonological rules
38 consonants
17 vowels
Consonant Inventory
| Manner | Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | pb | · | td | · | cɟ | kɡ | qɢ | ʔ | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | · | n | · | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | · | ||||||||
| Trill | ʙ | · | r | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Tap/Flap | · | · | ɾ | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Fricative | · | fv | sz | ʃʒ | · | xɣ | χʁ | h | ||||||||
| Lateral fricative | · | · | ɬɮ | · | · | · | · | · | ||||||||
| Approximant | · | · | · | · | ɥ | w | · | · | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | · | · | l | · | ʎ | · | · | · | ||||||||
Vowel Inventory
| Height | Front | Central | Back |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | ɯu |
| Near-close | ɪ | · | ʊ |
| Close-mid | e | · | ɤo |
| Mid | e̞ | ə | ɤ̞o̞ |
| Open-mid | ɛ | · | · |
| Near-open | æ | · | · |
| Open | a | · | ɑ |
Syllable Structure
(C)(C)(C)(C)V/C(C)(C)(C)Phonological Rules
/pʰa, tʰa, kʰa/ → [pʰæ, tʰæ, kʰæ]
Phoneme Frequency
Distribution of phonemes across 181 transcribed dictionary entries (696 total tokens)
/a/
92 (13.2%)
/o̞/
35 (5%)
/i/
28 (4%)
/t/
28 (4%)
/u/
24 (3.4%)
/n/
23 (3.3%)
/ɪ/
21 (3%)
/e̞/
20 (2.9%)
/ʃ/
20 (2.9%)
/b/
18 (2.6%)
/kʲ/
17 (2.4%)
/k/
16 (2.3%)
/m/
15 (2.2%)
/d/
15 (2.2%)
/ǃ/
14 (2%)
/ǀ/
14 (2%)
/ɑ/
14 (2%)
/ɬ/
13 (1.9%)
/ʔ/
13 (1.9%)
/ɨ̃/
12 (1.7%)
/ǂ/
11 (1.6%)
/s/
11 (1.6%)
/q/
10 (1.4%)
/õ/
10 (1.4%)
/l/
10 (1.4%)
/ə/
10 (1.4%)
/χ/
9 (1.3%)
/ɾ/
9 (1.3%)
/ɤ̞/
9 (1.3%)
/pʼ/
9 (1.3%)