Phonology

Sound inventory and phonological rules

32 consonants
9 vowels

Consonant Inventory

MannerBilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
Plosive
pb
·
·
td
·
ɟ
kg
qɢ
ʔ
Nasal
m
·
·
n
·
·
ŋ
·
·
Trill
·
·
·
r
·
·
·
ʀ
·
Fricative
·
fv
θð
sz
ɕʑ
·
·
χʁ
hɦ
Lateral fricative
·
·
·
ɬɮ
·
·
·
·
·
Approximant
·
ʋ
·
·
·
j
·
·
·
Lateral approximant
·
·
·
l
·
·
·
·
·

Vowel Inventory

HeightFrontCentralBack
Close
iy
·
ɯu
Open-mid··
ʌɔ
Near-open·
ɐ
·
Open
aɶ
··

Syllable Structure

(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

Phonological Rules

/p,b/ → [ʋ̥,ʋ]/[p,b]_
/t,d/ → [ʋ̥,ʋ]/[t,d]_
/c,ɟ/ → [ɰ̊,ɰ]/[c,ɟ]_
/k,g/ → [ɰ̊,ɰ]/[k,g]_
/q,ɢ/ → [ɰ̊,ɰ]/[q,ɢ]_

∅ → [f/v]/C[ʋ̥/ʋ]$_V

/s,ʃ,ɕ/ → [h]/_[r̥]

/ɕ/→[ʃ]/_V[+front]
/ʑ/→[ʒ]/_V[+front]

V → [V̥]/_[r̥,ʀ̥]

C[+voice, -sonorant] → C[-voice]/V̥ _

[ɐ.ʔɐ] → [ɐː]

/n, ŋ/ → [m]/_C[+labial]
/m, ŋ/ → [n]/_C[+coronal]
/m, n/ → [ŋ]/_C[+dorsal]

/l/ → [ɰ]/ _C[+trill], [+nasal]

Phoneme Frequency

Distribution of phonemes across 194 transcribed dictionary entries (1,278 total tokens)

/ɐ/
262 (20.5%)
/ʔ/
103 (8.1%)
/n/
66 (5.2%)
/r/
59 (4.6%)
/d/
57 (4.5%)
/k/
55 (4.3%)
/t/
52 (4.1%)
/i/
50 (3.9%)
/a/
45 (3.5%)
/v/
45 (3.5%)
/y/
38 (3%)
/ɔ/
36 (2.8%)
/z/
35 (2.7%)
/l/
32 (2.5%)
/ɦ/
27 (2.1%)
/ɶ/
25 (2%)
/ʋ/
22 (1.7%)
/s/
22 (1.7%)
/j/
18 (1.4%)
/g/
18 (1.4%)
/b/
17 (1.3%)
/p/
16 (1.3%)
/m/
16 (1.3%)
/q/
15 (1.2%)
/ɢ/
15 (1.2%)
/f/
14 (1.1%)
/ɬ/
11 (0.9%)
/h/
11 (0.9%)
//
10 (0.8%)
/ʌ/
10 (0.8%)