Phonology

Sound inventory and phonological rules

29 consonants
11 vowels

Consonant Inventory

MannerBilabialAlveolarPostalveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarGlottal
Plosive
pb
td
·
ʈɖ
·
kg
ʔ
Nasal
m
n
·
·
ɲ
ŋ
·
Trill
·
r
·
·
·
·
·
Tap/Flap
·
ɾ
·
·
·
·
·
Fricative
·
sz
ʃʒ
·
·
ɣ
·
Affricate
·
tsdz
tʃdʒ
·
tɕdʑ
·
·
Approximant
·
·
·
·
j
w
·
Lateral approximant
·
l
·
·
·
·
·

Vowel Inventory

HeightFrontCentralBack
Close
iy
·
u
Near-close
ɪ
·
ʊ
Close-mid
e
·
o
Mid·
ə
·
Open-mid··
ʌɔ
Open
a
··

Syllable Structure

(C)CV(C)(C)

Phonological Rules

/p/ → [pʰ] / #_
/t/ → [tʰ] / #_
/k/ → [kʰ] / #_
/g/ → [ɣ] / V_V
/bʰ/ → [b] / _#
/dʰ/ → [d] / _#
/gʰ/ → [g] / _#
/r/ → [ɾ] / V_V
/s/ → [ʃ] / _{i, y, ɪ}
/z/ → [ʒ] / _{i, y, ɪ}
/ts/ → [tɕ] / _{i, y, ɪ}
/dz/ → [dʑ] / {i, y, ɪ}

/i/ → [ɪ] / _C[+coda]
/u/ → [ʊ] / _C[+coda]
/y/ → [ʏ] / _C[+coda]
/a/ → [ã] / _N
/o/ → [õ] / _N
/ɔ/ → [ɔ̃] / N
/e/ → [ẽ] / N
/ə/ → [ɨ] / #
/ə/ → [∅] / V_C#
/ʊ̈/ → [ʉ] / C[palatal]

Phoneme Frequency

Distribution of phonemes across 87 transcribed dictionary entries (124 total tokens)

/a/
20 (16.1%)
/s/
19 (15.3%)
/n/
15 (12.1%)
/t/
10 (8.1%)
/m/
9 (7.3%)
/k/
9 (7.3%)
/d/
7 (5.6%)
/g/
5 (4%)
/b/
4 (3.2%)
/z/
4 (3.2%)
/l/
4 (3.2%)
/ʊ̈/
3 (2.4%)
/ʃ/
3 (2.4%)
/w/
3 (2.4%)
/e/
2 (1.6%)
/p/
2 (1.6%)
/y/
2 (1.6%)
/h/
1 (0.8%)
/ɣ/
1 (0.8%)
/ə/
1 (0.8%)